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Commonwealth of Australia COUNTRY DESCRIPTION  Australia is a highly developed stable democracy with a
federal-state system. Tourist facilities are widely available.PEOPLE Australia's aboriginal inhabitants, a hunting-gathering people generally referred to today as Aboriginals and Torres Straits Islanders, arrived more than 40,000 years ago. Although their technical culture remained static--depending on wood, bone, and stone tools and weapons--their spiritual and social life was highly complex.  Most spoke several languages, and confederacies sometimes
linked widely scattered tribal groups. Aboriginal population density
ranged from one person per square mile along the coasts to one
person per 35 square miles in the arid interior. When Capt. James
Cook claimed Australia for Great Britain in 1770, the native
population may have numbered 300,000 in as many as 500 tribes
speaking many different languages. The aboriginal population
currently numbers 455,031, representing about 2.3% of the
population. Since the end of World War II, the government and the
public have made efforts to be more responsive to aboriginal rights
and needs. Immigration has been a key to Australia's development since the beginning of European settlement in 1788. For generations, most settlers came from the British Isles, and the people of Australia are still predominantly of British or Irish origin, with a culture and outlook similar to those of Americans. However, since the end of World War II, the population has more than doubled; non-European immigration, mostly from the Middle East, Asia, and Latin America, has increased significantly since 1960 through an extensive, planned immigration program. From 1945 through 2000, nearly 5.9 million immigrants settled in Australia, and about 80% have remained; nearly three out of every 10 Australians are foreign-born. Britain and Ireland have been the largest sources of post-war immigrants, followed by Italy, Greece, New Zealand, and the former Yugoslavia. Australia's humanitarian and refugee admissions of about 12,000 per year are in addition to the normal immigration program. In recent years, refugees from Africa, the Middle East, and Southwest Asia have comprised the largest element in Australia's refugee program. Although Australia has scarcely more than three people per square kilometer, it is one of the world's most urbanized countries. Less than 2.5% of the population lives in remote or very remote areas. Cultural Achievements Much of Australia's culture is derived from European roots, but distinctive Australian features have evolved from the environment, aboriginal culture, and the influence of Australia's neighbors. The vigor and originality of the arts in Australia--films, opera, music, painting, theater, dance, and crafts--are achieving international recognition. Australian actors such as Nicole Kidman, Rachel Griffiths, Cate Blanchett, Geoffrey Rush, Paul Hogan, Hugh Jackman, and Heath Ledger have achieved enormous popularity in the United States. Australian movies and directors such as Peter Weir and Philip Noyes, the conductor Sir Charles Mackerras, and singers such as Olivia Newton-John, children's musicians The Wiggles, AC/DC, Dame Joan Sutherland, Dame Nellie Melba, and Kylie Minogue, also are well known. Australia has had a widely respected school of painting since the early days of European settlement, and Australians with international reputations include Sidney Nolan, Russell Drysdale, Pro Hart, and Arthur Boyd. Writers who have achieved world recognition include Thomas Keneally, Colleen McCullough, Nevil Shute, Morris West, Jill Ker Conway, Peter Carey, Robert Hughes, Germaine Greer, and Nobel Prize winner Patrick White. ENTRY/EXIT REQUIREMENTS American citizens are required to have a valid U.S. passport to enter Australia. Americans must enter with an Australian visa or, if eligible, through Electronic Travel Authority (ETA). The ETA replaces a visa and allows a stay of up to three months. It may be obtained for a small service fee at http://www.eta.immi.gov.au/. Airlines and many travel agents in the United States are also able to issue ETA’s. Please note that American citizens, who overstay their ETA or visa, even for short periods, may be subject to exclusion, detention, and removal. More information about the ETA, other visas, and entry requirements may be obtained from the Embassy of Australia at 1601 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036, telephone (202) 797-3000, or via the Australian Embassy home page on the Internet at http://www.austemb.org/. Visa inquires may be directed to the Australian Visa Information Service at 888-990-8888.Visit the Embassy of Australiaweb site at http://www.austemb.org/ for the most current visa information. QUICK FACTS Geography Area: 7.7 million sq. km. (3 million sq. mi.); about the size of the 48 contiguous United States. Cities (2006): Capital--Canberra (pop. 323,000). Other cities--Sydney (4.3 million), Melbourne (3.6 million), Brisbane (1.8 million), Perth (1.5 million), Adelaide (1.1 million), Darwin (114,000), Hobart (48,808). Terrain: Varied, but generally low-lying. Climate: Relatively dry and subject to drought, ranging from temperate in the south to tropical in the far north. People Nationality: Noun and adjective--Australian(s). Population (2007 est.): 21 million. Annual population growth rate: 1.3%. Ethnic groups: European 92%, Asian 6%, Aboriginal 2%. Religions (2006): Catholic 26%, Anglican 19%, other Christian 9%, other non-Christian 5%, no religion 19% and not stated 12%. Languages: English. Education: Years compulsory--to age 15 in all states except Tasmania, where it is 16. Literacy--over 99%. Health: Infant mortality rate--4.63/1,000. Life expectancy--males 78 yrs., females 83 yrs. Work force (10.4 million): Agriculture--3.0%; mining--4.9%; manufacturing--10.3%; services--72.4%; public administration and defense--3.8%. Government Type: Democratic, federal-state system recognizing British monarch as sovereign. Constitution: Passed by the British Parliament on July 9, 1900. Independence (federation): January 1, 1901. Branches: Head of state is the British monarch, who is also the Australian sovereign, represented by an appointed governor general. Legislative--bicameral Parliament (76-member Senate, 150-member House of Representatives). The House of Representatives selects as head of government the Prime Minister, who then appoints his cabinet. Judicial--independent judiciary. Administrative subdivisions: Six states and two territories. Political parties: Liberal, the Nationals, Australian Labor, Australian Democrats, Australian Greens, and Family First. The Liberal Party and the Nationals form the governing coalition. Suffrage: Universal and compulsory over 18. Central government budget (revenue): FY 2007-2008 $219.4 billion; FY 2008-2009 $231.8 billion (2006 US$/$A = 1.32). Defense: $19.9 billion or 1.81% of GDP for FY 2007-2008. (2006 US$/$A = 1.32). Economy GDP (year to March 2007): $714.1 billion. Inflation rate (year to March 2007): 2.4% per annum. Reserve Bank official interest rate: 6.25%. Trade: Exports ($114 billion, 2005-2006)--coal, iron ore, non-monetary gold, crude petroleum, and bovine meat. Major markets--Japan, China, South Korea, U.S. ($7.3 billion), New Zealand. Imports ($125 billion, 2005-2006)--passenger motor vehicles, crude petroleum, computers, medicaments, and telecommunications equipment. Major suppliers--China, U.S. ($17.1 billion), Japan, Singapore, and Germany. USEFUL LINKS U.S. Government
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