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Can You Find the Clauses? |
Imagine we are having a conversation about dance.
Suddenly I say, “Because I love to dance!”
You might learn something about me: that I love dancing.
But you might also look at me strangely since I told you
only a reason for something, but I didn’t tell you
anything else about it. If my remark does not seem like
a complete sentence, that is because it is not!
The words “because I love to dance” are something called
a clause: a group of words that contain a subject and a
verb. You might remember the definition of a clause from
a past Everyday Grammar program. Today, we will show you
the difference between dependent and independent
clauses.
In the example about dance, the subject is “I” and the
verb is “love.” But “because I love to dance” does not
express a complete thought; it is a dependent clause.
English has three common types of dependent clauses:
noun clauses, relative clauses and adverb clauses. It
would be unusual to write a paragraph or talk for a few
minutes without using at least one of these. In fact, in
my first few paragraphs alone, I have used at least two
of these types of clauses.
Ultimately, understanding how clauses work will help you
identify and avoid incomplete or structurally unsound
sentences. And this will strengthen your speaking skills
– and especially your writing skills.
What is a clause?
As I just said, a clause is a group of words with a
subject and a verb. But that structure alone does not
guarantee a complete sentence. Clauses can be dependent,
or incomplete, or independent or complete.
Every complete sentence in English contains at least one
clause; many sentences have two or more clauses.
So, let’s return to our example about dance. If I said
to you, “I never miss Samantha’s class because I love to
dance,” I would be expressing myself in a complete
sentence.
The sentence has two clauses: “I never miss Samantha’s
class” and “because I love to dance.”
Independent clauses
Independent clauses contain the main subject and main
verb of a sentence. They express clear thoughts and can
stand alone as sentences. In our example, “I never miss
Samantha’s class” is an independent clause. It is a
complete sentence on its own and does not need “because
I love to dance” to express a complete thought.
In sentences containing more than one clause,
independent clauses are usually called “main clauses.”
Dependent clauses
Now, let’s talk about dependent clauses, also called
“subordinate clauses.” Remember, the clause “because I
love to dance” contains a subject and verb, but it is
still dependent. It leaves you feeling like something is
missing. Another good indication that this clause is
dependent is that the word “because” signals an adverb
clause. But, it only contains one subject and one verb.
So, the other part of the sentence – the independent
clause -- is missing.
Dependent clauses depend on – or need – independent
clauses to express complete thoughts.
Listen to more examples of dependent clauses and decide
for yourself: does it seem like something is missing?
Listen:
If my aunt arrives by 3pm. That’s an adverb clause.
Who lives in the building. That’s a relative clause.
What you did last summer. That’s a noun clause.
Again: All of these are dependent clauses: They leave
you knowing that you need more information to get the
complete idea. Words like if, because, who, what, that
and other words often – but not always -- signal
dependent clauses.
Now, let’s listen to complete sentences for each
example:
We can still see the monuments today if my aunt arrives
by 3pm.
My friend who lives in the building is away this
weekend.
I know what you did last summer.
You may recognize this third sentence as the title of a
1997 American horror film, adapted from a book of the
same title.
Each of the examples contains two clauses: a dependent
clause connected to an independent clause.
Remember – independent clauses express complete thoughts
by themselves. So, “We can still see the monuments
today”; “My friend is away this weekend”; and even “I
know” are all independent clauses – they are complete
sentences on their own. However, their dependent clauses
provide more information.
Is it a sentence?
Ok, so we learned that some clauses are complete
sentences and some are not. Now, let’s practice a bit.
Listen to some examples. Are they complete sentences?
Can you locate the dependent clauses? The independent
clauses?
Listen:
After we visited the French Market on Saturday.
Who is crossing Broad Street.
She works with a computer that is older than she is.
I wish that I could live by the beach all summer.
The box that is near the elevator.
Write your answers in the comments section.
Being able to recognize independent and dependent
clauses lays the foundation for understanding the three
main types of clauses: noun clauses, adverb clauses and
relative clauses. And, this is a skill that will go a
very long way in helping you make progress on your
English speaking and writing.
Join us again soon when we will tell you about adverb
clauses.
I’m Alice Bryant.
Alice Bryant wrote this story for Learning English.
Kelly Jean Kelly was the editor. |
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Words in This Story |
- remark
– n. something that
someone says or writes to express an opinion or idea
- unsound
– adj. poorly built or
in bad condition
- monument
– n. a building or
statue that honors a person or event
- title
– n. the name given to
something, such as a book, song, or movie, to
identify or describe it
- practice
– v. to do something
again and again in order to become better at it
-
foundation – n.
something, such as an idea, a principle, or a fact,
that provides support for something
- go a long
way – expression.
to be helpful in achieving some goal
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