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Idioms - Letter C
 
American English Idioms - Letter C

In this lesson you will learn American English idioms beginning with the letter C. You will learn the definition and study the usage of each idiom.
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Idiom Definition Usage
calculated risk an action that may fail but has a good chance to succeed Investing in that stock is a calculated risk.
CALL A SPADE A SPADE to speak plainly or call something by its right name, even if it is unpleasant

Antonym: beat about/around the bush

The expression is usually used when something is described more favorably than it deserves. Call a spade a spade is a request for a more realistic description. The phrase dates back to ancient Greece, where the words for “spade,” “boat,” and “bowl” were very similar; the original translation my have been ‘call a boat a boat.’
1. Some people say Ben is generous with his money, but I call a spade a spade. He’s not generous, he’s foolish.

2. It’s polite of you to refer to them as “lively” children, but let’s call a spade a spade. They are actually very naughty.
call it a day  
call it quits finish She wants to call it quits and go home.
call of nature need to go to the toilet He is answering the call of nature.
call off cancel They had to call off the game because of rain.
call on visit She was planning to call on her friend when she got into town.
call on request participation of The teacher likes to call on students sitting in the back.
CALL (SOMEONE’S) BLUFF

to challenge someone to carry out a threat or prove the truth of a statement

This idiom is based on the literal meaning of this phrase as used in card games such as poker. A player who is bluffing may pretend to have a winning hand when in fact he or she does not. To call one’s bluff in poker is to challenge one to show his or her cards.
1. I told my parents that I had gotten passing grades in all my classes, but they didn’t believe me. They called my bluff and asked to see my report card.

2. The bank robber threatened to shoot the bank guard, but the guard called the robber’s bluff by walking up to him and taking away his gun.
CALL (SOMEONE) ON THE CARPET to confront or hold someone responsible for some misdeed

Synonyms: rake (someone) over the coals; chew (someone) out; read (someone) the riot act

This phrase originates from the military, where it used to be that only senior officers had carpet in their offices. To be called on the carpet meant that a lower-ranking soldier was brought into the senior’s office to be formally reprimanded for an offense.
1. The student tried to make the teacher think that his report was original, but the teacher knew it wasn’t, and called him on the carpet.

2. I got called on the carpet for being late again.
CALL THE SHOTS to be in control or to give orders

This idiom stems from use in sports that involve aiming. For example, in darts, the thrower might call out the exact spot he/she expects to hit on the target. Calling the shots well shows the player to be in control of the outcome.
1. In this classroom, the teacher is in control. The teacher calls the shots, not the students.

2. The lawyer tried to take control of the courtroom, but the judge reminded him that it is the judge who calls the shots.
canary in a coal mine  
CAN OF WORMS, OPEN A a situation that contains many unexpected and unwanted problems and consequences

Synonym: Pandora’s box, open a
1. The company’s management thought their new policy would increase employee productivity, but instead it opened a whole new can of worms.

2. His situation is completely messed up; it’s a can of worms that I’m happy not to have to deal with.
captain of industry top corporation officer The company president is a captain of industry.
CARRY A TORCH (FOR SOMEONE) to be in love with someone, usually someone who does not love in return

The expression suggests that love is a flame in the heart.
1. Why don’t you find a new boyfriend? Don’t spend your life carrying a torch for someone who doesn’t love you anymore.

2. Sara will never remarry. She will always carry a torch for Henry.
carry over delay The store decided to carry over the sale until next week.
carry over transfer They had to carry over the budget deficit to next year.
CARRY THE BALL to take on work or responsibility in order to keep a project moving forward 1. We need more people to help get this work done on time. Are you going to sit there and do nothing or are you going to help carry the ball?

2. The people in the office were sorry to see Amira leave the company. She was such a dependable worker and you could always count on her to carry the ball.
carry the day be successful The new product should carry the day.
carry through continue She thought It would be best to carry through with her plans.
cash cow  
cash or credit cash or credit card Will that be cash or credit?
CAST PEARLS BEFORE SWINE to offer something to someone who cannot appreciate it.

The expression originates from the Biblical Sermon on the Mount, in which he says “Do not throw your pearls before swine, lest they trample them under foot.”
1. Buying our son an expensive car would be casting pearls before swine. He would be just as happy with an old used car.

2. Taking your young children to Europe would be like casting pearls before swine—they are too young to appreciate it.
catch some rays get some sunshine I'm going to lie on the beach and catch some rays.
catch some Z's sleep I decided to catch some Z's before going back to the college.
CATCH (SOMEONE’S) EYE to attract someone’s visual attention 1. I was walking past some stores when a beautiful red dress in one of the windows caught my eye.

2. When the girls met their mother in front of the post office, they could see her walking towards them in the crowd, but couldn’t catch her eye.
CATCH (SOMEONE’S) FANCY to appeal to someone

Compare to: tickle (someone’s) fancy
1. Daniel arrived at the party not expecting to have a good time, but he met someone there who caught his fancy and spent the entire evening talking to her.

2. Before you decide that you don’t want anything for your birthday, let’s go to the jewelry store. You might see something there that catches your fancy.
CATCH (SOMEONE) RED-HANDED [GET CAUGHT RED-HANDED] to catch someone in the act of committing some offense

Dating from the 15th century, this idiom is a reference to the notion of killers being caught with the blood of their victims on their hands. The meaning later expanded to being caught in the act of any kind of wrongdoing.
1. The little girl’s mother caught her red-handed trying to steal cookies from the cookie jar.

2. The two men dropped the stolen goods when they heard the police car sirens. They didn’t want to get caught red-handed.
catch you later see you later Yeah, catch you later.
cat nap  
cats and dogs  
CHANGE HORSES IN MIDSTREAM to change plans or leaders in the middle of some action or event

The expression connotes that trying to change horses in the middle of a stream is not a wise thing to do—it would be better to wait until one is on land.
1. The president told the people that if they wanted the country to continue to move forward, they should reelect him. He said that to elect his opponent would be like changing horses in midstream.

2. The chairman of the board died suddenly before he could complete his plans for the company. The stockholders were forced to change horses in midstream and elect someone new.
CHANGE OF HEART a reversal of attitude 1. Karen told her boss that she planned to leave the company, but after the boss offered her a pay raise, she had a change of heart and agreed to stay.

2. The girl’s parents said no at first, but then they had a change of heart and let her go to the dance. The expression is usually applied to an emotional attitude.
CHARMED LIFE, LEAD A to be lucky or avoid danger 1. That boy leads a charmed life. He always manages to avoid getting into trouble.

2. Monica leads a charmed life—she’ll never have to work a day in her life.
CHECKERED PAST a personal history that includes both successes and failures, or ethical and unethical behavior

The expression originates from the alternating black and white (opposite colors) of a checker board. It is generally used in a negative sense, focusing more on failures and unethical behavior than on successes and ethical behavior.
1. Larry has quite a checkered past, but things are getting better. He has a new job and is saving for a new apartment.

2. The personnel director of the company refused to consider Mr. Dupont’s application for employment because of his checkered past.
check it out look Hey, check it out.
check out look at We can check out the babes at the park.
CHEW (SOMEONE) OUT [GET CHEWED OUT] to scold someone harshly

Compare to: read (someone) the riot act; rake (someone) over the coals; call (someone) on the carpet; give (someone) a piece of (one’s) mind
1. When Peggy came home three hours late, her parents were very angry. They chewed her out and told her she was restricted for two weeks.

2. The newspaper boy got chewed out by Mrs. James when he ran through her flower garden.
CHEW (SOMETHING) OVER to think slowly and carefully about something

The idiom probably originates from another expression, chew the cud, referring to the fact that a cow chews slowly and regurgitates its food to chew it a second time.
1. I know the idea doesn’t seem appealing at first, but why don’t you chew it over for a few days before you decide?

2. Janice is not sure she is going on vacation in August. She’s chewing it over.
CHICKEN scared; frightened 1. When the boy wouldn’t jump from the high diving board into the pool below, his older brother called him chicken.

2. Are you too chicken to play a trick on the teacher? Compare to: chicken out
CHICKEN OUT to become too frightened to do something; to lose one’s nerve

Synonyms: cold feet

Compare to: chicken
1. The girls wanted to ask the movie star for his autograph, but they got scared and chickened out.

2. You said you wanted to try parachuting, so we came up in this airplane. The door is open and it’s time to jump. Don’t chicken out now.
CHIP OFF THE OLD BLOCK, A very much like one’s parent(s)

Synonym: spitting image

The expression probably originates from the idea that a chip off a block of wood or stone, though smaller, has the same characteristics as the block itself. A chip off the old block usually refers to a likeness in character or personality.
1. The young man likes to do the same things his father does. He’s a chip off the old block.

2. Now that Ralph has grown up, he and his father are as different as night and day. But when Ralph was younger, he was a chip off the old block.
CHIP ON (ONE’S) SHOULDER a feeling of bitterness caused by a sense that one has been treated unfairly

The sense of personal injustice is usually imagined. The expression originates from the custom of placing a chip on one’s shoulder and daring another person to knock it off as a way of challenging someone to fight.
1. I said good morning to Ed and he snapped back at me. He sure has a chip on his shoulder today.

2. Carl has a chip on his shoulder because he was passed over for promotion in favor of Maria, although he feels he was better qualified.
chow down eat a lot I need to find a place to chow down.
churn out  
  to not say anything.

The expression suggests that one keeps one’s mouth as tightly closed as a clamshell.
1. The witness was ready to testify at the trial, but at the last minute she clammed up and wouldn’t say a thing

2. The boy’s parents were sure he knew something about the theft at school, but when they asked him about it, he clammed up.
CLAM UP  
CLEAN SLATE [WIPE THE SLATE CLEAN] a new beginning, usually achieved by removing any record of previous bad deeds (sentence 1) or debts (sentence 2)

Synonym: turn over a new leaf

The expression originates from the idea of a slate, the forerunner to the blackboard, which can be wiped clean to allow for new writing.
1. The man had done some terrible things in the past, but he moved to a new town and changed his name. He was trying to make a new life with a clean slate.

2. If you pay me what you owe me, you’ll have wiped the slate clean.
CLEAN (SOMEONE) OUT to take or steal everything someone has

This expression is sometimes used to describe stealing, but can also be used to describe legal situations where everything is taken.
1. The robbers broke into the bank at night and cleaned the place out.

2. We needed to go to the grocery store after the party. Our guests really cleaned us out!
  to resolve hidden resentment or uncover hidden thoughts

Synonym: bury the hatchet

The expression originates from the idea that when there is smoke or fog in the air, it is difficult to see.
1. I must have done something to offend Louise—she’s been so unfriendly to me. I told her I wanted to clear the air, but she just turned and walked away from me.

2. The boss called a meeting because there were lots of rumors flying around the office. He said he wanted to clear the air.
CLEAR THE AIR  
CLIMB/JUMP ON THE BANDWAGON to join the crowd in following a popular position, cause, activity, or fashion

The expression is often uncomplimentary. A person who is described as climbing on the bandwagon has not joined the crowd out of commitment, but out of peer pressure.
1. Susan was never one to follow the trends of the times just because everyone else did. You couldn’t accuse her of climbing on the bandwagon.

2. The senator was a supporter of medical care for everyone in the country long before it became a popular cause. Now, however, everyone is jumping on the bandwagon.
CLIMB THE WALLS to be uneasy or restless

Synonyms: go bananas
1. Peter had been studying for more than ten hours, and he was beginning to have trouble concentrating on his books. He was starting to climb the walls.

2. That child’s behavior is intolerable. If I’m around him for more than a few minutes, he has me climbing the walls.
CLOSED-MINDED unwilling to consider new ideas

Antonym: (keep an) open mind
1. I encourage you to try new things. Don’t be so closed-minded!

2. Anyone who wants to make the world a better place will eventually have to contend with closed-minded people.
close out discontinued merchandise The store had a close out sale and sold everything.
CLOSE SHAVE a narrow escape

The expression probably originates from the idea that a man who shaves closely is narrowly escaping cutting his skin.
1. The driver was distracted for just a moment and nearly hit another car. He missed the other car, but it was a close shave.

2. The spy had a close shave when she was nearly caught in the military camp. She had to climb a tree just to stay hidden.
close the books end a bookkeeping period The company will close the books at the end of the fiscal year.
CLOWN AROUND to act silly

Compare to: fool around; horse around; monkey around
1. The teacher asked the students to stop being silly. She told them to stop clowning around.

2. Jerry likes to clown around and is always playing practical jokes on everyone.
COCK-AND-BULL STORY a story that is too unlikely to be believed

Synonyms: song and dance; snow job

The expression originates from an English fable in which a cock and a bull had an unbelievable conversation.
1. You want me to believe some cock-and-bull story that you’re late getting home because you got lost and then ran out of gas?

2. The driver tried to explain his way out of getting a speeding ticket by inventing a cock-and-bull story.
cold call call persons she has never seen or met She had to cold call for the entire day.
COLD FEET too scared to do something

Synonyms: chicken out; have second thoughts
1. Joel wanted to ask Mr. Lee for a pay raise, but when Joel saw him, he got cold feet and just said, “Good morning.”

2. The soldier got cold feet when the pilot told him it was time to parachute out of the airplane.
cold shoulder  
COLD TURKEY abruptly; not gradually

This slang expression was originally used to describe a way of stopping the intake of addictive drugs, and is still used most often in reference to drugs, including cigarettes.
1. Harry decided to stop smoking cigarettes all at once. He decided to quit cold turkey.

2. Many doctors believe that if you want to give up using a drug, you can’t do it gradually. You have to stop cold turkey.
COME FULL CIRCLE to return (figuratively) to a point where one has been before

The expression suggests that in creating a full circle, one returns to the starting point.
1. Bruce practiced law in a small law firm, then taught law at a university, then gave up teaching and is practicing law again. He has come full circle.

2. We started with a small, two-bedroom house, but as the family grew, so did the size of the houses we moved into over the years. Now that the children are grown and have left home, we’ve come full circle and are moving back into a small house.
COME HOME TO ROOST to return to cause trouble

The expression probably originates from the idea of a bird leaving and then returning to its roost, the perch on which a bird rests. It is usually used to refer to something bad happening to someone who has demonstrated some bad behavior in the past.
1. If you tell a lie, you may get caught up in it and find that it comes home to roost.

2. Dorothy is convinced that she is ill and dying because her unhealthy lifestyle has come home to roost.
COME OFF IT a response to a statement that cannot be believed (sentence 1) or a behavior that must be stopped (sentence 2)

The expression is always used as an expletive in the command form. It is very informal and would normally only be used by parents with their children, or between equals.
1. You expect me to believe that you don’t know how that dent in the car fender got there? Oh, come off it!

2. First you ask for juice and then change your mind and say you want milk. I get it for you, and now you beg for water. Come off it!
come on strong overwhelm with excessively strong language or personality Salespeople usually come on strong when trying to sell their product.
COME OUT OF (ONE’S) SHELL to stop being shy

The expression suggests that a person who is shy or quiet is like a turtle that retreated into its shell.
1. Is that Tom dancing with all the girls? He used to be so shy and look at him now! He certainly has come out of his shell.

2. Patty has been sitting on the couch by herself since she arrived. Why don’t you go over and start a conversation with her? See if you can get her to come out of her shell.
COME OUT SMELLING LIKE A ROSE to avoid blame that one deserves; to seem innocent 1. Larry should have gotten into trouble for what he did, but he was lucky and came out smelling like a rose.

2. Everyone in the government is accusing everyone else of wrongdoing and corruption. No one is going to come out of this affair smelling like a rose.
comfort zone  
come full circle  
company man person who always works hard The manager is a company man.
company town town dominated by one company This is really a company town.
COOK (SOMEONE’S) GOOSE to ruin someone’s plans

The expression is used when someone is about to be punished.
1. Lynn knew that she was going to be in trouble for coming home late again. She wouldn’t be able to talk her way out of it this time; her goose was cooked.

2. The students had sneaked into the classroom to see if they could find a copy of the exam, but now they could hear the teacher coming down the hall toward the room. Their goose was cooked.
COOK UP to invent or plan

The expression connotes scheming, but is not necessarily negative (such as in sentence one).
1. When Paul’s friends planned his surprise party, they had to cook up a good excuse to get him to the restaurant without his suspecting a thing.

2. The prison inmates cooked up a scheme to break out of jail.
cool as a cucumber  
cool down calm down Things should cool down in a day or two.
COOL (ONE’S) HEELS to wait

The expression connotes some degree of annoyance and would usually be used in informal situations.
1. The assistant had a 3 o’clock appointment with his boss but the boss kept him cooling his heels in the outer office until well past 4:30.

2. I’m sorry I’m late getting home. The professor had me cooling my heels in his office while he was on the telephone.
CORNERED trapped with no means of escape.

Synonym: back to the wall
1. The dogs chased the rabbit into the barn. It was cornered where it could not escape until the dogs’ owner called them away

2. When the police followed the thief into the back of the market, the thief tried to open the back door but found it locked. The police called out to the thief, “Come out now. There’s no way to escape. We’ve got you cornered.”
COST (SOMEONE) A MINT/ AN ARM AND A LEG to cost a great deal of money

Compare to: pay through the nose

The expression suggests that something costs all the money stored in a mint—a place where money is coined—or that something costs the same value as someone’s arm and leg. Unlike pay through the nose, these two expressions are used for monetary payments only.
1. I really wanted that painting, but it cost a mint, so I decided not to buy it.

2. Sending my son to that college will cost me an arm and a leg, but it will be worth it.
costs a pretty penny  
COUCH POTATO a person who sits for long periods of time on the couch, usually eating snack foods and watching television

The slang expression suggests that the person has acquired the shape of a potato because of lack of exercise and eating too much unhealthy food.
1. My boyfriend likes to sit around watching television all weekend. He’s a couch potato.

2. Let’s not sit around doing nothing. I don’t want to become a couch potato.
cover a lot of ground  
crack open open Let's crack open a bottle for his birthday.
crawl out of the woodwork  
CREAM OF THE CROP the best

Synonym: first-rate Antonym: third-rate
1. The students in this math class are the best in the school. They are the cream of the crop.

2. That computer company never hires mediocre employees. It’s such an outstanding company that they hire only the cream of the crop.
CROCODILE TEARS false, exaggerated tears

This expression comes from the ancient belief that crocodiles cry false tears to lure their prey.
1. I don’t believe Tommy really hurt himself when he fell. I think he’s crying crocodile tears just to get attention.

2. The little girl started to cry but you could tell she was watching everyone to see what kind of reaction she was getting. They were nothing but crocodile tears.
CROSS (ONE’S) FINGERS to hope for luck 1. I sure hope we haven’t missed the plane. There isn’t another one for a week. Cross your fingers.

2. We’re hoping that the operation is a success. We have our fingers crossed.
crunch time  
CRY OVER SPILLED MILK to be unhappy because of a past event that cannot be changed

Compare to: eat (one’s) heart out Whereas cry over spilled milk is to grieve over some event that has happened and cannot be changed, eat one’s heart out is to grieve over an emotional situation that cannot be changed.
1. There’s no use worrying about a test you didn’t pass. You can’t make it up, so stop crying over spilled milk.

2. When Martin didn’t get the job he wanted so badly, his father gave him good advice. He told him not to cry over spilled milk and that another, equally good job would come his way eventually.
CRY/SAY UNCLE to admit defeat 1. Larry and Nicholas were wrestling on the floor, and Larry pinned Nicholas down. When Nicholas was ready to admit defeat, he cried uncle.

2. Two children were fighting on the playground. The girl grabbed the boy by the hair. The girl told the boy that she wouldn’t let him go until he said uncle. “Uncle, uncle!” cried the boy.
CRY WOLF to raise a false alarm or exaggerate so often that one is no longer believed

The expression originates from one of Aesop’s fables in which a young shepherd boy falsely alerts people that a wolf is attacking the sheep. At first, people respond to the boy’s cries, but he cries “wolf” so many times just for fun that eventually they stop. When the wolf really does come and the boy cries “wolf,” no one comes to his aid.
1. Every Friday, that man comes in to the police station and says he thinks he has been robbed, but when we get to his house, there is never anything missing. I think he’s just crying wolf. You can’t believe him anymore.

2. Terry regularly lied to his mother, saying that his older brother hit him on the head. Terry did it so frequently that she stopped believing him and told him that one day he would be sorry that he had cried wolf so often.
CUT AND DRIED routine (sentence 1) or clear and unequivocal (sentence 2) 1. The boss said that there wouldn’t be a problem with my getting a pay raise. I was long overdue for one, so the matter was cut and dried.

2. The case was cut and dried. It was clear to everyone that the man was guilty of the crime, and the best he could hope for was a short prison sentence.
cut back on reduce The company needs to cut back on expenses.
CUT CORNERS to do things poorly or incompletely in order to save money 1. It doesn’t pay to cut corners by buying cheap tires for your car. You’ll only have to buy new ones much sooner, and the cheap ones may cause you to have an accident.

2. Don’t cut any corners when you write that report. Spend as much time as you need on it and do a good job. It will be important when the boss decides who gets the next promotion.
cut from the same cloth  
cut off cut off The telephone conversation was cut off because of the storm.
CUT OFF (ONE’S) NOSE TO SPITE (ONE’S) FACE to injure oneself in the process of seeking revenge or attempting to punish someone 1. Sally was offended when she did not immediately receive an invitation to the party. When she got hers the next week, she refused to attend even though she really wanted to. She cut off her nose to spite her face.

2. When Philip looked at the first question on the test and knew he could not answer it, he became frustrated and refused to go on to the next question. He failed the test when he might have passed. He cut off his nose to spite his face.
cut out leave It is late. I have to cut out.
CUT (SOMEONE) TO THE QUICK to hurt or wound someone deeply

The expression suggests the idea of cutting live flesh (the quick).
1. When Christina broke off their engagement, she hurt George’s feelings terribly. She cut him to the quick.

2. I was very hurt when my son and daughter-in-law told me they wouldn’t be spending Christmas with us this year. I was cut to the quick.
CUT THE MUSTARD to meet standards

Synonyms: make the grade; up to snuff Whereas make the grade and up to snuff can be used to describe both people and things, cut the mustard is only used with people.
1. The coach accepted 50 boys who wanted to play football. Before the regular season opened, however, he had to remove from the team those players who couldn’t cut the mustard.

2. The captain of the ship was trying to assemble a sailing crew. He told all the men who applied that they would have to work long and hard hours, and that he would accept only those who could cut the mustard.
cut to the chase  
 
 
 
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