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Formal Sciences Natural Sciences Social Sciences Humanities Sustainability   Home Learning

Home Learning Welcome to the Home Learning pages. Learn Mathematics, Science, Economics, Philosophy, and much more in simple English. Fantastic for kids being home educated and for international students who are learning English for a specific purpose. Message to visitors from Fun Easy English Thanks for visiting my Home Learning pages. Hopefully you can find a topic you like. The English is a little difficult but still easier than a standard Wikipedia page. If you have questions, please post them at the bottom of any page. Us hanging out at Hamada Beach on Tanegashima Island, Japan. Message to visitors who are Home Learning Hi there. Thanks for checking out my Home Learning pages. I made these pages to provide home learning materials for our three boys who are not in school and are learning at home. Because of COVID, many families are now home educating their kids. Hopefully these pages will be useful for you. This is an ongoing project with new topics for learning being added all the time. Please direct your thoughts, suggestions, constructive criticism, or simply say hi, using the Facebook commenting section at the bottom of any page. Note: these pages are for advanced English language students. Thanks again for checking this out. Please read the About Page - my thoughts and how to use the Home Learning pages Additional Note - This outline is designed in general for all visitors but specifically for our kids and their interests. For example, they love Lego, therefore, there is a Lego page. We are on a small island that gets earthquakes and really crazy weather, therefore, the geology and meteorology pages are loaded with information. Our kids are half Japanese, and as you might have guessed, more emphasis is placed on Japanese as this is their second language.   About the Outline All colored links are clickable and go to topic pages All text in light gray print are brief explanations of each topic All text in gray italicized print are suggestions or future additions to the outline         Subtopics indented to the right >>>> go to the next level of the previous topic

Formal Sciences   Mathematics - study of numbers, shapes, and patterns Arithmetic - basic study of numbers Addition - combining two or more numbers Subtraction - finding the difference between two numbers Multiplication - finding the product of two or more quantities Division - calculating the number of times one number is contained within another Numbers - concept from mathematics, used to count or measure Algebra - uses variables to represent a value that is not yet known Geometry - studies the size, shapes, and positions of things Trigonometry - deals with angles, triangles, and trigonometric functions Calculus - understand changes between values that are related by a function Measurement - puts the amount of things into numbers Time - never ending continued progress of existence and events Units of Measurement - uses numbers to describe things based on what we can observe about them Metric System - measurement system most widely used around the world United States Customary Units - measurement system used in the United States Logic - page from Philosophy in the Humanities section Statistics - collection, analysis, understanding, and presentation of data Computer Science - how to manipulate, manage, transform, and encode information Systems Science - studies the nature of systems

Natural Sciences   Astronomy - study of everything outside the atmosphere of Earth Concepts - studies the universe beyond Earth Universe - all of time and space and its contents Black Holes - regions of space from which nothing can escape Creation Theories - ways the universe possibly began Destruction Theories - ways the universe might possibly end Galaxies - groups of many stars, along with gas, dust, and dark matter Andromeda Milky Way - our home galaxy which contains over 200 billion stars Solar System - the Sun and all the objects that orbit around it Sun - the star at the center of our solar system Planets - large objects that orbit a star Mercury - closest planet to the sun and the smallest Venus - second planet from the sun with a dense atmosphere Earth - third planet from the Sun and our home Moon - the only natural satellite orbiting the Earth Mars - fourth planet from the Sun and the second smallest Jupiter - fifth planet from the Sun and the largest Saturn - sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest Uranus - seventh planet from the Sun and the third largest Neptune - eighth and last planet from the Sun Asteroids - space rocks Comets - small collections of rock, dust, water, ice, and frozen gases moving through space Nebulae - interstellar clouds of dust, hydrogen, helium, and other ionized gases Stars - huge balls of plasma held together by gravity Biology - study of life and living organisms Fields - areas of study within biology Anatomy - study of the structure of organisms and their parts Botany - study of plant life Cell Biology - study of the structure and function of cells Conservation - study of the protection of nature and of Earth's biodiversity Ecology - study of the biota, the environment, and their interactions Evolution - scientific theory of how living things change over time Genetics - science of heredity Marine Biology - study of any living plant or animal in the sea Medicine - study of illnesses in humans and animals Physiology - study of functions and mechanisms in a living system Taxonomy - laws and principles of classifying things Virology - study of viruses Pandemic - an epidemic of an infectious disease that has spread across a large region Coronavirus Pandemic - an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Covid-19 Pandemic - a current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Quarantine - a restriction on the movement of people, animals, and goods Isolation - measures that can be taken to implement infection control Misinformation - conspiracy theories and incorrect information about coronavirus Social Distancing - control actions intended to decrease the spread of a contagious disease Face Masks - a face covering used to cover the mouth and nose N95 - a particulate filtering face respirator Surgical - a mask worn by health professionals Testing - used to find out if an individual has been infected with COVID-19 Virus - a microscopic parasite that can infect living organisms Coronavirus - a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds Covid-19 - an infectious disease caused by SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Zoology - study of animal life Entomology - study of insects Herpetology - study of amphibians and reptiles Ornithology - study of birds Chemistry - study of chemical elements and compounds Concepts - study of atomic matter, properties, structure, composition, behavior, changes, and chemical reactions Bonding - lasting attraction between atoms, ions, or molecules Chemical Elements - a substance that contains only one type of atom Periodic Table - a list of known chemical elements Chemical Laws - laws of nature relevant to chemistry Energy - quantitative property transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object Equilibrium - no further tendency to change with time Ions - an electrically charged atom or group of atoms Matter - the substance of which all material is made PH - a scale from 0 to 14 telling the acidity or alkalinity of a substance Phase - a change in the states of matter Reaction - a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another Redox - a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed Earth Sciences - studies related to the planet Earth Climatology - study of weather conditions averaged over a period of time Climate Change - difference in the Earth's global climate or in regional climates over time Global Warming - the temperature of Earth's surface, oceans, and atmosphere increasing over time Greenhouse Effect Drought - a continuous period of dry weather when an area gets less than its normal amount of precipitation Monsoon - a seasonal wind which lasts for several months typically bringing heavy precipitation Geochemistry - uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems Geography - study of the Earth and its features, its inhabitants, and its phenomena Continents - several very large landmasses on Earth Africa - second largest continent Antarctica - southernmost continent Asia - largest and most populous continent Australia - smallest continent Europe - the second smallest continent North America - a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and mostly within the Western Hemisphere South America - a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly within the Southern Hemisphere Countries - a territory with distinct political boundaries Cities - a large human settlement Land - the solid surface of the Earth that is not permanently covered by water Mountains - an elevated portion of the Earth's crust Deserts - an arid biome Rainforests - a forest that receives heavy rainfall Reefs - a bar of rock, sand, coral, or similar material, lying beneath the surface of water (listed in the land section since it is made of solid material) Water - a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and almost colorless chemical substance Oceans - a large area of salt water between continents Seas - a large area of salt water which is part of an ocean, or a large, usually salt water, closed lake Lakes - a large body of water within a body of land Rivers - a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake, or another river Canals - waterways, channels, or artificial waterways, for water conveyance, or to service water transport vehicles Geology - concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time Historical Geology - uses the principles and techniques of geology to work out the geological history of the Earth Geologic Time Scale - a system of chronological dating that classifies geological strata in time Hadean Eon - Earth 4600 - 4000 mya (mya = million years ago) Archean Eon - Earth 4000 - 2500 mya Proterozoic Eon - Earth 2500 - 541 mya Phanerozoic Eon - Earth 541 mya - present Paleozoic Era - Earth 541 - 251.9 mya Cambrian Period Ordovician Period Silurian Period Devonian Period Carboniferous Period Permian Period Mesozoic Era - Earth 251.9 - 66 mya Triassic Period - Earth 251.9 - 201.3 mya Early (Lower) Epoch Middle Epoch Late (Upper) Epoch Jurassic Period - Earth 201.3 - 145 mya Early (Lower) Epoch Middle Epoch Late (Upper) Epoch Cretaceous Period - Earth 145 - 66 mya Early (Lower) Epoch Late (Upper) Epoch Cenozoic Era - Earth 66 mya - present Paleogene Period - Earth 66 - 23 mya Neogene Period - Earth 23 - 2.6 mya Quaternary Period - Earth 2.6 mya - present Pleistocene Epoch - Earth 2.6 mya - 11,700 years ago Holocene Epoch - Earth 11,700 years ago - present Mineralogy - the study of minerals Minerals - a solid chemical compound with a fairly well-defined chemical composition and a specific crystal structure, that occurs naturally in pure form Paleontology - the scientific study of life that existed before, and sometimes during, the start of the Holocene Epoch Dinosaurs - a varied group of Archosaur reptiles Fossils - the remains or traces of ancient living things Petrology - study of rocks and the conditions under which they form Rocks - solid materials made up of one or more minerals Igneous - rocks formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava Sedimentary - rocks formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles at the Earth's surface, followed by cementation Metamorphic - rocks formed from the transformation of existing rocks to new types of rocks Seismology - study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth Earthquakes - shaking of the surface of earth, caused by sudden movement in the Earth's crust Seismometers - an instrument that detects ground motions, such as those caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and explosions Volcanology - study of volcanoes, lava, magma, and related geological, geophysical, and geochemical phenomena Geophysics - study of the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment Glaciology - study of glaciers, or more generally, ice and natural phenomena that involve ice Hydrology - study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth Meteorology - study of the processes and phenomena of the atmosphere Atmosphere - the layer of gases retained by Earth's gravity Air Pressure - molecules that make up the various layers in the atmosphere are constantly moving in random directions and exert a force The Transfer of Heat Energy - energy from the sun is transferred through space and through the earth's atmosphere to the earth's surface Energy Balance - the balance between incoming energy from the Sun and outgoing energy from the Earth Hydrologic Cycle - the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-Atmosphere system Exosphere - the uppermost layer of the atmosphere Thermosphere - the fourth layer of the atmosphere Mesosphere - the third layer of the atmosphere Stratosphere - the second layer of the atmosphere Troposphere - the lowest layer of the atmosphere and where nearly all weather takes place Weather - the state of the atmosphere, describing the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy Clouds - an aerosol consisting of a visible mass of minute liquid droplets, frozen crystals, or other particles suspended in the atmosphere The Core Four The Basic Ten Cloud Chart The Color of Clouds Precipitation - any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor from clouds that falls under gravity Hail - a form of solid precipitation Ice Pellets - a form of solid precipitation consisting of small, translucent balls of ice Rain - liquid water in the form of droplets condensed from atmospheric water vapor which become heavy enough to fall under gravity Snow - ice which forms when water in the atmosphere becomes frozen Storms - any disturbed state of an environment or in an atmosphere, especially affecting its surface, and strongly implying severe weather Thunderstorms - a storm characterized by the presence of lightning and thunder Lightning - a naturally occurring electrostatic discharge Thunder - the sound caused by lightning Tornados - a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud Fujita Scale - a scale for rating tornado intensity, based primarily on the damage tornadoes inflict on human built structures and vegetation Tropical Cyclones - a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low pressure center, a closed low level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms Saffir Simpson Scale - classifies hurricanes into five categories distinguished by the intensities of their sustained winds Wind - the flow of gases on a large scale Beaufort Scale - an empirical measure that relates wind speed to observed conditions at sea or on land Zones Oceanography - study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean Physics - study of matter, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force

Social Sciences   Anthropology - study of human beings Archaeology - study of the past by looking for remains and artifacts Civilizations - an advanced human stage of organization Economics - studies what affects the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in an economy Education - deals with teaching, learning, and knowledge History - study of past events Prehistory Stone Age Lower Paleolithic Middle Paleolithic Upper Paleolithic Neolithic Protohistory Bronze Age Iron Age Recorded history Ancient history Post-classical history Modern history Human Geography - deals with humans and their relationships Law - set of rules that people are made to follow Linguistics - the study of languages Languages - the way humans communicate Arabic - a Semitic language, in the same family as Hebrew and Aramaic Bengali - Indo-Aryan language from South Asia Chinese - a group of language varieties that form the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages English - a West Germanic language Alphabet - a Latin alphabet consisting of 26 letters Handwriting - writing done with a writing instrument Manuscript - style of writing Latin script in which the letters are individual glyphs, with no joining Cursive - any style of penmanship in which some characters are written joined together Grammar - rules about how to speak and write in a language Parts of Speech - types of words in grammar Nouns - words that are usually the name of something Pronouns - words used to take the place of a noun Verbs - words that tell about an action or a state Adverbs - words used to tell more about a verb Adjectives - words that describe nouns or pronouns Prepositions - words which link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other words in a sentence Conjunctions - words which join phrases, clauses, and sentences Interjections - words or expressions that occur as utterances on their own which express spontaneous feelings or reactions French - a Romance language German - a West Germanic language Hebrew - a Semitic language Hindi - an Indo-Aryan language Japanese - an agglutinating language Writing - uses a combination of kanji and syllabic kana Romaji - use of Latin script to write the Japanese language Hiragana - part of the Japanese writing system Katakana - Japanese script used for writing words borrowed from other languages Kanji - Chinese characters used in Japanese writing Korean - spoken mainly in North and South Korea Portuguese - a Romance language Russian - a Slavic language Spanish - a Romance language Vietnamese - a tonal language Political Science - deals with systems of governance, and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts, associated constitutions, and political behavior Psychology - study of the mind, thought, feeling, and behavior Sociology - study of societies and how humans act in groups Communication Studies - deals with processes of human communication and behavior, patterns of communication in interpersonal relationships, social interactions, and communication in different cultures Media Studies - deals with mass media and its history and effects News - information about current events Bias - when a person prefers an idea and does not give equal weight to a different idea Confirmation Bias - the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's beliefs or values Conspiracy Theory - an explanation for an event or situation that invokes a plan by sinister and powerful groups, often political in motivation, when other explanations are more probable Fake News - false or misleading information presented as news Humanities   Arts - includes visual, literary, and performing Art - creative activity by people Architecture - design of structures or buildings Film - type of visual communication Music - form of entertainment that puts sounds together Composition - can refer to an original piece or work of music, either vocal or instrumental, the structure of a musical piece, or to the process of creating or writing a new piece of music Elements - aspects, characteristics, and features History - the development of music over time Improvisation - creative activity of immediate musical composition Notation - any system used to visually represent aurally perceived music Musical Symbols - used in musical notation to indicate various aspects of how a piece of music is to be performed Theory - study of the practices and possibilities of music Radio - sending electromagnetic signals over a long distance Television - receiving broadcasting signals and changing them into pictures and sound Literature - works of art made up of words Philosophy - a way of thinking about the world, the universe, and society Aesthetics - study of art and beauty Epistemology - philosophy of knowledge Ethics - deals with good and evil Logic - science of reasoning Metaphysics - deals with existence and the nature of things that exist Recreation - time of refreshing the body and mind Games - something that people often do for fun Backgammon - game played by two players Chess - board game for two players Monopoly - board game played by two to eight players Scrabble - game that is played by 2, 3, or 4 people Sports - an athletic activity that may involve a degree of competition Toys - something to play with Lego - a type of building toy Religion - a set of beliefs Beliefs - attitudes towards mythological, supernatural, or spiritual aspects of a religion God - according to certain philosophies, religions and mythologies, God is the creator of the Earth and of everything else Reincarnation - the idea that people are born again in another body after they die Religions - a system of designated behaviors and practices, morals, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, and organizations Ancient Greek Mythology Deities Titans Olympians Buddhism - originated in India, based on the teachings, of Siddhartha Gautama, who was later known as Gautama Buddha Christianity - largest world religion by number of adherents Hinduism - a religion and also a way of life Islam - an Abrahamic monotheistic religion Judaism - the world's oldest Abrahamic religion Shinto - a form of Japanese animism Technology - skills, methods, and processes used to achieve goals Sustainability   Agriculture - growing crops or keeping animals Recycling - converting waste materials into new materials

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